Saturday, May 28, 2011

The Speed of the Small





  • Neural Impulses
    • From .1-100 m/s
      • Muscle position nerves--119 m/s
      • Pain--0.62 m/s
      • Touch--76.2 m/s
      • Thought--25 m/s
    • Speeds are affected by...
      • Temperature
        • Warm blooded animals are faster
      • Pathway width (axon size)
        • Wider is better
          • Giant squids living in the arctic have huge pathways (axons) to make up for the cold temperature and having no insulation (myelin sheathing).
      • Insulation (myelin sheathing)
        • Vertebrates have insulated nerves and therefore way faster impulses
          • Quite a difference is made--1 m/s  (inverts) vs 100 m/s (verts)



    • Muscle Twitching
      • Fastest: Eye twitching at 7.5 msecs (milliseconds or 1/1000th of a second)
      • Calf muscle--100 msecs


    • Reflexes
      • Fastest: vestibulo-ocular reflex (The rotation of your eyes correcting for head tilt.  You can witness this by looking in the mirror and cocking your head to the side and noticing how your eyes maintain vertical position.).  There are only three neurons in the whole system and the whole process takes 1/100th of a second to correct.
    • Sight
      • We can notice moving image frames slower than 1/16th of a second.
        • Most movies are 24 to 48 frames per second

    • Cell division
      • Some bacteria can divide as quickly as once every 9.8 minutes
    • DNA Translation
      • The RNA polymerase can add 50 base pairs per second

    • Hearing
      • The timing difference between sounds reaching ears is known as the interaural time difference.  It's important in determining which direction a sound comes from.
        • This difference is maximally 660 microseconds (660 millionths of a second) when the sound is at a right angle to the front of the face.

    Pictures from here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

    Works sighted [sic]:

    Sunday, May 15, 2011

    At the Tank--Sea-to-See Job Notes

    This is part two of a two part series cataloging a portion of what I did with my job at FSU's Sea-to-See which is a program that travels to local elementary schools giving a marine biology presentation replete with touch tanks, interactive activities and video.  Keep in mind it is for kids as young as second grade (it's pretty darn basic stuff and I write it down here mostly to keep for future reference if I ever do something similar again.).  :)  At that age the biggest thing is just to get the kids touching stuff and making observations.


    • Sea Urchins
      • Hold in hand
        • Feel movement of spines and tube feet
        • What are spines for? (Defense)
        • Why do you think urchins put shells etc. on top of them?
          • Some interesting research has shown that it could be for UV protection--much like applying sun tan lotion
          • Other possibilities?   
            • Camouflage
        • Pedicellaria--tiny pinchers to clean bod with.

        • Turn over
          • Find mouth
            • Count how many parts its beak has
            • Notice pentaradial symmetry 
              • Can you find anything else in the tank with five of something?  What do you think that might mean about them?  (Sea star.  They're related.)
            • What do you think it might eat?  (Algae and sea grass.)
        • Where are its eyes?
          • All over!   
            • Concentrated on tips and base of suction cups
            • Ask who wants to be a sea urchin?!  Have kids close eyes, look toward a light source and wave hand above eyes.  A shadow will be cast by hands simulating what it is like to see in only shadows like echinoderms.


      • Sea Stars
        • Pick up
          • Touch top
            • How feel?
            • Sea stars often move in the direction of the arm opposite their madreporite (mother pore) (the trivium arm, as opposed to bivium arms).
          • Flip over
            • What do you think that orange stuff is?  (Tube feet)
              • Touch and watch arm "zip" them up
                • Why? (Protect the delicate tube feet.)
              • Who wants to "be" a sea star with me? (Kids raise hands.)
                • We move by contracting muscle on bones, but the sea star has a very different way of moving--kind of like the exact opposite way!!  Instead of contracting muscles he inflates his arms!!! (Water vascular system)
                • Have kids lift arms above head and retract them all the while making sucking noises (to fill up arms as they extend) and farting/deflating noises (upon contraction)
              • Guess how they breathe--through their feet!  Can you imagine if you breathed through your feet!!?  Wouldn't that stink, literally!!!
              •  They also taste with their feet!!  Imagine tasting your shoes right now!  Or the floor!

              • Can anyone find mouth? (At center of arms.)
                • How might a scientist test to make sure that really was the mouth? (Put some food there and see if it gets eaten.)
                • Discuss how sea star eats by extruding mouth outside of body
                  • Can you imagine eating that way!?  Imagine your lunch table if you were all sea stars and there where slimy stomachs all over the place!


        • Sea Cucumbers
          • Pick up sea cucumber
            • How do we know it's not dead? (Since it totally looks that way!)
              • Kids will eventually say if it moves
            • How many sides does it have?  (Five)
              • What else in the tank has that and what do you think it means?  (Related to the other pentaradials)
            • How do you think it defends itself?
              • No spines, no shell, no pinchers, super slow.  How do you think he protects himself??!
              • Who here likes scary movies?  (Kids love to act tough and say they do.)
              • What you'd do if you were a sea cucumber and you got scared is you'd barf up your guts!!!  Can you imagine if everyone in a movie theater was a sea cucumber and they all got scared and there were guts flying everywhere!!!?!?
              • Why do you think they do that?
                • Maybe because predator loves guts, eats them and gets full--sea cucumber gets away scot-free
                • Or, maybe the guts taste/smell really awful and the predator gets the heck out of there!


              • Pearl Fish
                • There is a whole species of fish that lives no where else but in the butts of sea cucumbers!!
                  • Can you imagine living your entire life in a butt!!?!?!



              • Hermit Crabs
                • See if you can find its two kinds of antennae
                  • Two long for feeling
                  • Two short that he flicks through the water to smell
                  • Who makes a shell a hermit crab or a snail? (Snail.)

            Antenna 1 (antennule) is used for smelling.  Other electron microscope pic here.


                • Snails
                  • How do they crawl?
                    • Cilia
                      • Tiny hairs that tickle the ground
                      • Did you know that you have the same thing inside your body!!!?!?!  Guess where?!?!?!   In your lungs and trachea!!! 
                  • Where's the oldest part on the shell?
                    • Tip of spire is actually baby shell
                    • Every day they add a little bit more to shell opening's edge and spiral around


              Images from here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

              Sunday, May 8, 2011

              How to Appreciate Other Religions/Political Parties

              This isn't compromising your beliefs.  Keep your beliefs, but learn how to appreciate where others are coming from, too. Even if for no other reason than to understand how to change their mind better!!

                Do you ever feel like you can't bring up the dual conversational unmentionables--politics and religion--without getting frustrated or upset?  Read on then!

              • Finding Common Ground
                • Values
                  • Many times beliefs are different ways of expressing the same values.  It's tragic that we don't realize this enough.  Let me give some examples.  
                    • Healthcare in the US--to definitely and admittedly oversimplify, one group thinks it barbaric to withhold proper medical care to the poor in one of the richest countries in the world.  Why?  Because they care about people.  That's the heart value that drives their beliefs.  The other side doesn't want universal health care because they think it will drastically reduce the quality of the care and further dig America into a debt hole.  Why?  Because they care about people.  Same value.  Different application.  Different way of serving that value.
                    • How about another extremely heated topic--abortion?  One side says abortion is wrong and their value is that human life (the baby's) is precious.  The other says abortion is morally permissible because life (the mother's) is precious.  Each can say one side is mistaken or deluded, but it helps me to avoid vilification to understand what value is driving the person's belief and often how drastically similar they are to mine--trying to protect a life. 
                    • Remember to remember why people are passionate about causes--they care!  They really love something!                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    


                • Questions
                  • You may not have the same answers as someone in a different religion, but many times your heart is still crying out the same questions.  
                    • What's the purpose of my life?  Help/love others, glorify God, attain enlightenment, jihad, etc.--all different answers to the same question.
                    • Where did I come from?  God, evolution, God+evolution--different answers, same heart cry.
                    • How can I live on past death?  Nirvana, Valhalla, Heaven, Moksha, legacy, etc.--same desire for ourselves and our loved ones--that we'll live on in some respect. 
              • Debating Safely
                • Get Down to the Fundamental Question of the Debate
                  • E.g., the fundamental question surrounding abortion is, when does a human become a human?
                  • For universal healthcare it may be something like, what is the role of the government?  What are inalienable human rights?
                  • Getting down to the fundamental question that is actually being debated has two positive effects:
                    • Clarity is brought and distraction can be set aside
                    • It can show how gray the subject really is.  Highlighting ambiguity builds compassion and patience over disagreements.

              • Understanding Differences
                • Reactionaries
                  • Show me an extremist, a fundamentalist, a fringe voice and I'll show you a reactionary.  People that have extreme views or ways of expressing themselves aren't usually crazy--they're trying to use a valuable communication tool--contrast.  E.g., the most drastic tree hugging environmentalists aren't off the wall--they're trying to live and speak in such a way that shouts above the distracting hum of life.  If the rest of us actually cared like we should they wouldn't have to go to such extreme measures of living/behaving/communicating.  They aren't crazy.  They're just trying to get heard.  Same with any other example from religion, politics--fundamentalism, conservatism, liberalism, etc.  Don't hear what/how they're saying it so much as you hear their heart and what they're contrasting themselves with.  Furthermore, recognize the importance of reactionaries in society--nothing would change (as it needs to) without prophets, heralds, extremists, fundamentalists.  Find the middle ground between the two polar opposite extremists and you'll often find the truth.


                • False  Dichotomy 
                  • Maybe you're both right
                  • 'Either' / 'or' thinking  vs. 'both' / 'and':  Sometimes it isn't 'either' this 'or' that.  Sometimes it's 'both' this 'and' that.
                  • Perhaps the goal isn't about promoting one ideology and eliminating the other, but instead listening to both sides and finding a balance.
                  • Different Kinds of Truth
                    • A person, religion or political party can be dead wrong about one category of truth, but on the money in another.  This may sound strange to your ears, but hear me out.  What is truth at its most fundamental level?  An idea that helps you deal with reality, life, yourself, others.  Truth is a mental tool to navigate reality.
                    • Philosophical Truth
                      •  E.g., 'a' can not be 'non-a' at the same time and in the same sense.  That is absolutely true, but it is a very different kind of 'true' from the next kind of truth.
                    • Empirical Truth
                      • The kind of truth you get from a laboratory, an experiment, a test tube--the sciencey kind.  You're manipulating, removing and isolating variables to test a hypothesis.
                    • Descriptive Truth
                      • The kind of truth you get from the field, observations.  Your paying attention in order to learn something about a process, correlation, potential causation, etc--seeing patterns.
                    • Historical Truth
                      • Can't test it, can't observe it, but many of us would agree that it exists (at least beyond a reasonable doubt).  We  believe in it so much that we bet people's lives on it. #CapitalPunishment
                    • Ethical Truth
                      • "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
                      • "Don't do unto others as you would not have them do unto you."
                      • Instead of completely discounting a religion's holy scripture because you disagree with its empirical, descriptive truth maybe it is time that you started to appreciate its ethical truth and the next category below.
                    • Proverbial/Wisdom Truth
                      • "It is more blessed to give than to receive."
                      • "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush."
                      • "Don't look a gift horse in the mouth."
                      • "Don't remove a fly from a friend's head with an axe."
                      • "Let he who is without sin cast the first stone."
                      • "Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise."
                      • If you really care about living life well you'll learn to appreciate wisdom from surprising and unexpected places.  You can learn a lot from a heretic.
                    • Artistic Truth
                      • Good literature, art, movies, mythology, comedy can often leave us saying something like, "That is sooo true."  (Especially good comedy.)  Art can get us to realize something that was right in front of us, but hadn't seen before.  It can resonate our deepest, inmost being.
                      • Paradigmatic Truth
                        • Gives us a framework to think within, a scaffolding to build understanding.  This is true both in science and in religion.  The easiest example I can think of is light.  By analogy we speak of light as being a particle and a wave.  In reality it's neither.  And both...Speaking of light as a wave and a particle may not be true in a literal sense, but incredibly true in a paradigm sense and is enormously beneficial for scientists.  (The same could be said of String Theory, analogies for dimensions greater than three, etc.)  In a similar, analogical, paradigmatic way religion can be similar.  It doesn't have to be true to be a helpful way to think about the universe and that has great and significant value.  More thoughts here.


                    • Perfectly Understandable Reasons That People Will Never Change Their Minds
                      • Trust (see more below)
                      • Loyalty: Is it really reasonable to expect people to turn their backs on their friends and families ideology?  
                      • Identity:  Is it really reasonable to expect people to give up their ideology and have to complete refigure out who they are?

                  • Concessions - Why It Isn't So Bad After All
                    • Good vs Right: Maybe not everyone has to be right.  Maybe being just being good isn't such a bad concession.
                    • Intermediary Beliefs: Can you imagine going to a remote tribes person and trying to explain the internet to them?  Before you could explain what the internet was you'd have to explain what a computer was, but to do that you'd have to explain what a machine was and then you'd have to explain what electricity was and then you'd have to explain...Historically maybe mythology and a great many false ideas were an essential stepping stones that absolutely had to be used to us where we are today.  Maybe we owe today's stepping stones a great deal of deference for getting us where we are today and for taking us to a better tomorrow.
                    • Beliefs Have Functions
                      • To balance out extremes: Polar opposites might be a way that the cybernetic system of society maintains balance.
                      • For the greater social good: Maybe the ideology that you're frustrated that someone you know believes is the only thing holding back anarchy in their life and in society at large?  Maybe you're completely unaware of all the positive ripple effects it is causing and that if you were aware of them you'd shut the h*ll up and not argue with them so vociferously.  



                    • Justified False Beliefs
                      • People for thousands of years people thought the Earth was flat and that the Sun moved across the sky.  They weren't idiots and they weren't suppressing the truth.  They were justified in their belief based on what they knew.  We'd all do well to remember that each one of us is a product of our culture and that in other's shoes we'd believe the same thing as they do.


                    • Attribution
                      • Malevolence vs. Benevolence: We have a choice in how to interpret people's beliefs--either negatively like they're stupid or maliciously denying truth or positively like they're trusting individuals or they're trying to protect something precious or they're acting out of a pure intentions/heart, etc.  It is far, far more likely that their beliefs are a reflection of their virtue and not their vice, strength and not weakness--their deep seated convictions and character.  Remember that.
                      • Internal vs.  External:  Are  they the devil or are they a victim of the devil?? Kind of nature vs. nurture.  Does a person believe something because they are a certain way or because they were raised a certain way?

                    • In-Group / Out-Group--Evolution's Legacy
                      • In our evolutionary past it paid to:
                        • Trust insiders unquestioningly.  If you want to take down a woolly mammoth together you have got to have each other's back without hesitation.  This legacy lives on in the tenacity we hold on to cultural beliefs even far past their expiration date.  Why wouldn't a person trust what ever their parents or an authority figure says?  Why would people lie to them?  Trust is a very good thing and the very reason  human society has come as far as it has.  Remembering that can help us see eye to eye with people we disagree with.  Consider your own beliefs.  How much do your beliefs line up with your chosen group's?  That might not be such a good thing...
                        • Distrust of others.  Let's face it.  We have a violent past.  There were time periods in our history in which something like a third or a quarter of all adult males died in battle (proof for this can be seen in the numerous bashed in skulls we've found and from comparing with current day tribal communities).  If you didn't distrust outsiders you died.  Therefore, our default state is to distrust anyone that is different--skin color, ideology, religion, political party, etc.  Distrusting and vilifying outsiders got us ahead in the past, but now it only hurts us and the world.  When you find yourself thinking in terms of 'us', 'them' remember where that distrust comes from and then remember to expand your circle.  The most important 'we' today includes everybody.  E.g., get beyond 'Republican' and 'Democrat' to something larger like 'Human'.

                    • Simian Simpletons
                      • What is the evolutionary purpose of our brain?  Survive and reproduce.  Not think rationally and critically.  It isn't to understand science, math and logic.  It is much, much more of a relationship machine than it is a computer.  It should be more shocking to us that we ever think logically than that we sometimes have lapses in judgement.  Be patient with your fellow humans.  They're doing the best they can.

                    • Leaders of Movements and Movements Are Different
                      • Sarah Palin doesn't represent all Republicans.  Osama Bin Laden doesn't represent all muslims.  Benny Hinn doesn't represent all Christians.  Child molesting priests don't represent the entirety of the Catholic faith.  Stop mixing up movements and leaders.  They're different.  Knock it off.  :)

                    • You Could Be the Wrong One
                      • Don't forget it.  
                      • Ever.  
                      • Ever.

                      • Maybe We're Better Off Disagreeing
                        • Seeing things differently is
                          • Enriching: ‎"The best way to have a good idea is to have a lot of ideas." --Linus Pauling
                          • Sharpening: Is anything more stimulating and growing than a good debate?

                  Pictures from here, here, here, here, here, here, here , here , here , here and here.